Those who Understand, Teach
Sunday, January 20, 2013
Sunday, January 13, 2013
Lest We Lose It
Tan Wei
Xiong, 26, attended English-medium schools. But with a strong Chinese
home background, he grew up wanting to be a Chinese teacher. He went to
Fudan University in Shanghai and on to a master’s programme in
education at the University of Hong Kong on a teaching scholarship. He
wants to see language learning made more engaging so that students do
not regard it as another, boring, subject to be mugged.
My childhood ambition was to be a Chinese teacher. It is hard to pinpoint what planted that “calling” in my heart, but a large factor has got to be my traditional Chinese upbringing. As a young boy, I spoke Teochew with my grandparents and Mandarin with my parents. My grasp of the dialect gradually deteriorated with my grandparents’ passing, but I continued using Mandarin as my primary language at home. Culturally, Confucian values were impressed upon me through examples set by my elders. Religious practices of Taoism and Buddhism also formed part of the cultural influence at home. These childhood experiences ingrained in me a “given” sense of Chinese identity, which translated into a strong desire to pass on the language and its associative culture to future generations. Stemming from this was a long-term dream to study in China, which I viewed as a form of “pilgrimage” to the wellspring of my own culture.
However, after I embarked on my undergraduate studies in Chinese language and literature at Fudan University in Shanghai on a Public Service Commission scholarship, I began to realise that the “Chinese-ness” that I have taken for granted warranted reappraisal and re-understanding. From my reflections on the different phenomena and situations that I encountered in the past four years, captured in the tens of thousands of words in my diary, three key revelations emerge.
Firstly, I came to realise that a common language (and even common ancestral roots) does not necessarily entail a similar Chinese identity. I am Singaporean, a third-generation overseas Chinese, and of Chinese descent all at the same time. Though I may emphasise a certain “identity” of my “Chinese-ness” depending on the context in which I am situated, it became increasingly clear to me that the Chinese locals and I have a natural tendency to view each other as the “other” because of our different nationalities. We may share the same cultural roots, but mutual acceptance arises from an acknowledgement of differences, of which “national identity” shaped by our different political systems is paramount. I finally understood that placing hope on a “singular Chinese-ness” is really just a form of cultural idealism (and maybe even fantasy).
Secondly, the dismal state of cultural tradition in China shook my belief that there would truly be a cultural renaissance in what I once saw as a distant “motherland”. That also reduced the possibility that a rediscovery and reinterpretation of traditional culture in China would revive interest in Chinese language learning in Singapore. Through participating in ethnographic projects to understand more about local customs and folk literature, I realised that some of the core elements of Chinese culture, often encapsulated in folk beliefs, customs and practices of overseas Chinese communities, are preserved best in Southeast Asia. The so-called “cultural preservation” in China is essentially politically motivated, with economic consideration overriding all else. To the government, “Chinese Renaissance” is a carnival of symbols (celebrations of forgotten customs and festivals, wearing ancient dress, and so on); to the opportunists, it is a creation of a culture industry. As a Chinese lecturer of mine once joked, in China, real tradition is either in the books (in ancient texts) or underground (in artefacts). Extreme as they are, his words portend a grim unfolding reality – that the gradual loss of our ethnic Chinese traditions is perhaps foreshadowed by the gradual “thinning” of tradition in the land of our cultural roots.
Thirdly, the East-West strife in the academic arena and constant talk of Eurocentricity in the Chinese context alerted me to similar situations in the Singapore context. In recent years, our political leaders have placed greater emphasis on China and the Chinese language. The problem is this: even though on the surface many profess to be “impressed” by those like me who study Chinese in China, the society as a whole still places little importance on the Chinese language. Basically, we find that the English language always proves to be of greater practical value, while the Chinese language has an air of morality arising from Confucian teachings that come bound with language education at school. All this leads to a stereotypical belief that the Chinese language is “not cool”. There appears to be an insurmountable gap between Singaporeans whose first language is English and those whose first language is Chinese. The two groups do not seem able to communicate to each other the ideas and values inherent in the two languages.
The way I see it, the above three points have important bearing on language planning and Chinese language education in Singapore. That there are multiple facets of one’s “Chinese-ness” signals the possibility of different configurations in one’s view of self-identity across social groups and across generations. This should prompt us to constantly rethink the role of Chinese language education in shaping one’s perception of who one is. The fragmentation and disintegration of our cultural tapestry hint at a possible dilemma we face in Singapore: on the one hand, we need to try to preserve and impart as much of what is left of Chinese tradition and culture in our society; on the other hand, we may find it increasingly difficult to maintain such diffusion of culture in family and school without children feeling a sense of detachment between tradition and their way of life. The worst-case scenario would be where Chinese Singaporeans no longer feel anything for their ethnic culture, to the extent of abandoning rites and practices. This could challenge the long-held notion that language is an embodiment of culture, with language learning becoming purely instrumental. Finally, the English-Chinese divide points to the need for us to break out of the self-imposed boundaries of Chinese and Western cultural circles, and rid ourselves of the emotional baggage that hinders meaningful two-way communication. To do so, we may need to question if the logic of “Mother Tongue as the cultural essence, English as the working language” still remains valid.
Our current learners regard their mother tongue as just another (boring) subject to be “learned”, something that is not inherently a part of their being. Language teaching needs to move away from talking “to” students to talking “with” them. Acquisition of language should be accompanied by inquisition of the underlying cultural elements and, eventually, philosophical exploration of humanity and identity. The best scenario would be to have discussions on the same deep questions during both English and Mother Tongue lessons. For students, language learning may then once again be truly engaging, through the comparison of cultures which hopefully paves the way for them to appreciate who they are and where they stand in terms of their thoughts, ideas, values and beliefs.
My childhood ambition was to be a Chinese teacher. It is hard to pinpoint what planted that “calling” in my heart, but a large factor has got to be my traditional Chinese upbringing. As a young boy, I spoke Teochew with my grandparents and Mandarin with my parents. My grasp of the dialect gradually deteriorated with my grandparents’ passing, but I continued using Mandarin as my primary language at home. Culturally, Confucian values were impressed upon me through examples set by my elders. Religious practices of Taoism and Buddhism also formed part of the cultural influence at home. These childhood experiences ingrained in me a “given” sense of Chinese identity, which translated into a strong desire to pass on the language and its associative culture to future generations. Stemming from this was a long-term dream to study in China, which I viewed as a form of “pilgrimage” to the wellspring of my own culture.
However, after I embarked on my undergraduate studies in Chinese language and literature at Fudan University in Shanghai on a Public Service Commission scholarship, I began to realise that the “Chinese-ness” that I have taken for granted warranted reappraisal and re-understanding. From my reflections on the different phenomena and situations that I encountered in the past four years, captured in the tens of thousands of words in my diary, three key revelations emerge.
Firstly, I came to realise that a common language (and even common ancestral roots) does not necessarily entail a similar Chinese identity. I am Singaporean, a third-generation overseas Chinese, and of Chinese descent all at the same time. Though I may emphasise a certain “identity” of my “Chinese-ness” depending on the context in which I am situated, it became increasingly clear to me that the Chinese locals and I have a natural tendency to view each other as the “other” because of our different nationalities. We may share the same cultural roots, but mutual acceptance arises from an acknowledgement of differences, of which “national identity” shaped by our different political systems is paramount. I finally understood that placing hope on a “singular Chinese-ness” is really just a form of cultural idealism (and maybe even fantasy).
Secondly, the dismal state of cultural tradition in China shook my belief that there would truly be a cultural renaissance in what I once saw as a distant “motherland”. That also reduced the possibility that a rediscovery and reinterpretation of traditional culture in China would revive interest in Chinese language learning in Singapore. Through participating in ethnographic projects to understand more about local customs and folk literature, I realised that some of the core elements of Chinese culture, often encapsulated in folk beliefs, customs and practices of overseas Chinese communities, are preserved best in Southeast Asia. The so-called “cultural preservation” in China is essentially politically motivated, with economic consideration overriding all else. To the government, “Chinese Renaissance” is a carnival of symbols (celebrations of forgotten customs and festivals, wearing ancient dress, and so on); to the opportunists, it is a creation of a culture industry. As a Chinese lecturer of mine once joked, in China, real tradition is either in the books (in ancient texts) or underground (in artefacts). Extreme as they are, his words portend a grim unfolding reality – that the gradual loss of our ethnic Chinese traditions is perhaps foreshadowed by the gradual “thinning” of tradition in the land of our cultural roots.
Thirdly, the East-West strife in the academic arena and constant talk of Eurocentricity in the Chinese context alerted me to similar situations in the Singapore context. In recent years, our political leaders have placed greater emphasis on China and the Chinese language. The problem is this: even though on the surface many profess to be “impressed” by those like me who study Chinese in China, the society as a whole still places little importance on the Chinese language. Basically, we find that the English language always proves to be of greater practical value, while the Chinese language has an air of morality arising from Confucian teachings that come bound with language education at school. All this leads to a stereotypical belief that the Chinese language is “not cool”. There appears to be an insurmountable gap between Singaporeans whose first language is English and those whose first language is Chinese. The two groups do not seem able to communicate to each other the ideas and values inherent in the two languages.
The way I see it, the above three points have important bearing on language planning and Chinese language education in Singapore. That there are multiple facets of one’s “Chinese-ness” signals the possibility of different configurations in one’s view of self-identity across social groups and across generations. This should prompt us to constantly rethink the role of Chinese language education in shaping one’s perception of who one is. The fragmentation and disintegration of our cultural tapestry hint at a possible dilemma we face in Singapore: on the one hand, we need to try to preserve and impart as much of what is left of Chinese tradition and culture in our society; on the other hand, we may find it increasingly difficult to maintain such diffusion of culture in family and school without children feeling a sense of detachment between tradition and their way of life. The worst-case scenario would be where Chinese Singaporeans no longer feel anything for their ethnic culture, to the extent of abandoning rites and practices. This could challenge the long-held notion that language is an embodiment of culture, with language learning becoming purely instrumental. Finally, the English-Chinese divide points to the need for us to break out of the self-imposed boundaries of Chinese and Western cultural circles, and rid ourselves of the emotional baggage that hinders meaningful two-way communication. To do so, we may need to question if the logic of “Mother Tongue as the cultural essence, English as the working language” still remains valid.
Our current learners regard their mother tongue as just another (boring) subject to be “learned”, something that is not inherently a part of their being. Language teaching needs to move away from talking “to” students to talking “with” them. Acquisition of language should be accompanied by inquisition of the underlying cultural elements and, eventually, philosophical exploration of humanity and identity. The best scenario would be to have discussions on the same deep questions during both English and Mother Tongue lessons. For students, language learning may then once again be truly engaging, through the comparison of cultures which hopefully paves the way for them to appreciate who they are and where they stand in terms of their thoughts, ideas, values and beliefs.
下一个二十年
不久前,我过了27岁生日。在聚餐上,心里突然萌生了这样一个问题:今年就读小学一年级的学生,正好7岁。二十年后,当他们过27岁生日时,本地社会将是什么样一番情景?那时的青年,又会对个人身份、国家发展和世界格局,秉持怎样的观念和态度?
历史的发展,很多时候不全受我们主宰。但在我们能力所及的范围内,我希望二十年后的青年,能够多一些历史感,多一些 “内省”能力,多一些行动力。
先说历史感。社体部代部长陈振声在近期的一场青年对话会上,鼓励年轻一代国人把身份认同建立在对于国家未来的共同理想和目标上。有些友人在面簿上转载相关报道,并突出了这个观念:我们“短暂”的建国史,不足以作为我们找寻和建立身份认同的依据。
真是如此吗?是历史不足为据,还是我们从未真正去体会历史的厚度和丰富性?也许,是我们的历史教育,过度强调某种特定的叙述,赞扬“成王”的主旋律忽略了“败寇”,使历史显得单薄、乏味。这几年,国人关注咖啡山坟场和丹绒巴葛火车站背后的故事,是个好现象,但为何我们总是在快失去的时候,才以猎奇的心理去“瞻仰”古迹?
一国之历史,不仅仅是“大历史”,还有坊间的“地方史”,也包括我们身边的长辈所走过的路。当父亲望着住家对面的大草坪,向我讲述儿时养猪的情境、波动巴西雨后淹水的面貌、或是当下地铁线的建筑工地从前是多么大的一个粪池,我总有让他说多一点的冲动。因为,说故事的人,不只在讲述个人史,也在传承一代人的集体回忆。而听故事的人,若能身临其境地去感受讲述者的时代,体会一代人的心路历程、崎岖坎坷、单纯幸福,他会发觉,过去、现在和未来,凝聚于自身,进而获得一股勇往前进的心灵力量。
这,就是历史感,是构建集体身份共识的重要参照点。我绝不希望二十年后的青年,以不屑的语气告诉我:Uncle,其实我一点都不在乎你们“老人”做过什么,我只在乎未来能为我带来什么。
本地社会的不断转变,也使一些国人觉得,已经认不清自己是谁了。在世界各地能充当“万能插座”的国人,回到自己的国家,却不知为何无所适从,乃至感到迷茫和压抑。
于是,我们习惯性地不断在向外找寻刺激,找寻能为自我身份起定义作用的象征与标志。正如我们“找寻”幸福而忘了那其实是一个选择,渴望被爱却忘了学会爱自己、爱他人一样,我们似乎已经忘了,归属感、幸福感、身份认同,其实取决于个人心态的调适。
我们需要的,是与自己的灵魂和精神进行“内省”式对话的能力。在寻求认同和共鸣,并不断追问国家能为我们做些什么之外,我们是否应该转换思维模式,问问自己:即使国家、社会存在诸多不完美,即使多元性对我们的团结构成了暂时的困难,我们是否选择并承诺继续为这土地上的人事物奋斗?
反诸自我、由内生发的个人、群体与国家身份认同,才是无坚不摧的。
而要促进发展,就离不开行动力。
在此资讯科技发达、社交媒体鼎盛的时代,偶尔会在网络上,读到一些青年们反思社会现状、文化进程及公共政策的文章。有些批判性的文章,引述古今中外各类学术理论,貌似针砭时弊,实为误导读者。有些文章不论好坏,只有是“官方”说辞就多加笞鞑。还有些文章,其实言之有理,但总觉得停留在过去的思维模式中,无法很好把握当前社会的多元发展和动向。
我们必须承认,比起过往,网络上诸多的声音是个好趋势——最起码,年轻人已逐渐脱离“政治冷漠”。那些处处调侃、批评、反对执政者及公共政策的声音,虽缺乏实质,但从姿态上也起到了一定程度的政治/政策监督作用。
然而,如何把这“思辨”的浪潮往建设性的方向推进,包括培养多视角的批判能力,学会通过与人交往、交流来认识社会新趋势并对其进行表述,最终从网络走出来,从批判者成为改善社会状态的行动者,促进公民社会的发展,正是行动力的意义所在。
下一个二十年,我不希望自己活在一个只有嘈杂的埋怨声、没有切实行动、处处仍只等政府来领头改变现状的新加坡。
What we may learn from monastic education in Myanmar
Dear K,
I took the opportunity of this week's leave to read through your paper, and I must say it has been an inspirational journey understanding the functions of monastic education esp within the broader socio-political context of Myanmar. It has reminded me how much we in Singapore have taken safety and protection for granted, but extrapolating from that, also how much we might have at times neglected the desire of a 'spiritual haven' for teens who are lost in their quest for a meaning to life and a philosophy of existence here in this little island. As Singapore's education system continues on its road of evolution towards holistic education, different pathways to success, 21st-century skills and other fashionable jargon of this era, your paper is a timely reminder how we have sidelined some age-old fundamentals of what education truly means.
The first point that struck me is crystallized in this following paragraph of yours: "While the spirit of enquiry is encouraged and the child is allowed to grow and develop at his or her own pace, the oral tradition (rote learning and repetition), the rule of discipline and obedience, and sometimes corporal punishment and manual labour as punishment have equal importance in nurturing mature and socially responsible citizens."
We seem to have forgotten, in modern days, that throughout the history of great civilizations, the great kings, scholars, poets and intellectuals were nurtured through learning processes that combined hard work and great effort with critical inquiry and reflection of their times. Today when we talk about creativity, critical thinking and student-centred learning there also seems to be a connotation of 'rebellious attitude' that makes these terms almost irreconcilable with the ideas of discipline and obedience. I've heard stories of parents in China who get worried when their toddlers obey rules too well. It sounds absurd but it is true that many systems today are unwittingly encouraging 'impudence' among their youths without truly achieving the desired effects of matured reasoning, critical thought and 'out-of-the-box' perceptions. We seem to always neglect the beauty of a 'middle way', a delicate balance of forces and elements from opposites.
The second point that resonated with me is the fact that "Children who attend monastic schools and live in monastic institutions learn fairly quickly that they are not only required to study well within the classroom but also to live well outside of it, and even to take back their learning to their families and neighbourhood. The children are required to practice certain spiritual and human values, live in community with others, develop relationships, and learn to serve and care for others as learning takes place through the curriculum as well as through each interaction and each experience lived". It used to be the case in Chinese societies that achieving good results brought glory to the family, and thus personal achievement was always related to the good of one's family and community. Today however I am really feeling a great surge of individualism among the youths. Success is increasingly defined as how much one can realize his/her own potential or talents, with values and interpersonal relationships relegated to the background and being less of a focus among the young. Yes, the system has nurtured a whole generation of seemingly caring youths who engage in community service, but do these budding adults give enough attention to the meaning of 'each interaction and each experience lived'? I doubt so. For them, interacting with the computer is probably a better substitute for an hour of coffee chat at Starbucks with a close friend.
So I guess we do compromise some things when systems evolve and societies develop. The monastic schools in your study might not be systemically well-organized but at least I feel a strong sense of mission and the true spirit of education oriented towards the individual and the community. I guess that is wherein lies the power of religious philosophy and thought. I might have mentioned before that since young I have been influenced by the traditions of Confucianism, the rites of Taoism and the thoughts of Buddhism. I count myself lucky that these have instilled in me a sense of personal direction. As I went deeper into Chinese history and culture in university, I also developed a more acute awareness of how these 3 schools of thoughts have intermingled to create the philosophical system that underpinned Chinese politics and its system of thought for thousands of years. Most pertinently, the injects of Buddhism from 2nd to 4th Centuries AD helped Confucianism to overcome its own socio-political shortcomings and elevated the philosophical thoughts of Taoism from passive cynicism to proactive introspection - all of which eventually created a strong intellectual tradition that lasted from the Tang dynasty (618-907 AD) through early 20th Century. It is a pity that we cannot cover much of Buddhist teachings in explicit terms in our classrooms in case we are accused of evangelicalism, so the most that can be done is to 'package' these thoughts in the language of Confucianism - which is seen as less of a religion than a school of social thought. Even then, I do feel a strong need to deepen our children's moral, ethical and spiritual understanding of themselves and their communities. How exactly to do so, I'm not sure. But as you mentioned in your thesis, it eventually would boil down to person, processes, context and more importantly, opportunities.
Thanks again for this paper that has sparked thoughts and introspection on my part. And certainly, when the chance arrives, I would greatly hope to visit you in Myanmar and tour this land that has always been shrouded in a mist of mystery for me as a South East Asian.
Take care and keep in touch!
Best wishes,
Xiong
华人、华文、华语,究竟算什么 ——留学中国反思记录
陈炜雄
几年前,在我获得公共服务署海外教育奖学金,等待着到中国修读中文时,曾到了我国某中学实习。进入课堂,短暂的介绍后,立即有学生举手问道:“老师,你为 什么要去中国,不去美国?”我回答说,自己想念中文,所以如此选择。于是,学生追问:“中文有什么好?学了有什么用?”
当 时,我并没法给予那学生一个回答。因为,对我而言,这从不是我必须去思考的问题。我知道的是,幼儿时曾以流利的潮州话与祖父母沟通,但老人家过世后,自己 的潮语也大大退步;而与父母亲沟通,从小便是用华语。文化方面,虽然不曾读过四书五经,但自己却从长辈们的身教中,被灌输了一套儒家价值观,加上对佛道信 仰的耳濡目染,可以说,我是在一个相对传统的华族氛围中长大的。
换句话说,说华语、写华文、做华人,从来就是一个既定(given),无需理性地剖析“为什么”。至于留学中国,原因也很单纯:就是带着一种“朝圣”般的心情回返自己文化的发源地。若可能的话,尽量深入挖掘,“取经”回国。
然而,到了上海,在复旦大学与中国人一同上课,才发觉,原来很多东西并非想象中如此单纯。
新加坡人、华裔、华人:多重身份的再认识
我印象很深刻,在刚入学的时候,在班会上做自我介绍,其间提到了自己的国籍。班会结束后,便有许多中国同学主动上前,要与我交朋友。羞涩之余,自己也有些 受宠若惊。那时,有四句话印象最深:“新加坡很干净哦?”、“鞭刑还厉害不?”、“你汉语说得真好!”、“你英语应该也很棒吧?”
霎那间,很明显地感觉到,就算操一口流利的华语,就算同样是黄皮肤黑头发,中国人首先是从国籍的角度,将我视为与他们不同的人。在文化渊源上,我们或许都是炎黄子孙,但在现实中,真正决定我们“对外身份”的,首先是政治体制对我们的塑造与影响。
因此,在与校园刊物《复旦青年》做的采访中,我曾不假思索地吐出了这样的话:“华语是我的母语。我和中国的联系,是基因学和文化学意义上的。但是,我的一套行为举止、办事方法、意识形态,乃至我看待自己同胞和全人类的方式,却是‘新加坡式’的。”
当这种区分被夸大时,新加坡人会开始觉得,同样是黄皮肤,但与中国相比,新加坡社会更加发达,因此作为国民的我们也似乎“更加文明”。于是,我逐渐明白, 为何许多初到中国的新加坡人,有时会故意操一口“新加坡式”英语。说到底,这是一种姿态,目的在于对外凸现我们并非中华人民共和国国民。扪心自问,我们很 多人会有种潜在的意识,认为自己在某方面比中国人更优秀。甚至,目前在新加坡,国人对来自中国的“新移民”所持的态度,也是类似的“变相歧视”。
然而,特别到了一趟潮州去“寻根”,祖辈老家找不到,却看到孩子们玩耍,心中突然萌生一个念头:假使祖父当年决定留在中国不移民,或许今天的我就不会是异 客,而是另一个看客眼里那些玩弹珠、钓鱼、跳飞机的孩童之一。瞬时间,心里是庆幸中夹杂着对祖辈的感激。同时,隐约之中,觉得似乎有种纽带在牵制着我们。 由此,不甘心就这样使自己与中国人之间断绝联系,认为自己得为中国和中国人做些什么。
因 此,我开始跟随一名教授出外考察民俗与民间文学,假期中与较要好的中国同学们回他们福建、江西、湖南、北京的老家,并且筹款到云南扶贫,资助高中生考大 学。这一切的过程中,华人的长相与流利的华语,是有效的敲门砖,易于打破各种隔阂。彰显“华人”身份的同时,我开始发觉,原来有些最原生态的中华文化因 子,恰恰在东南亚保留得最好,而我们却从不懂得珍惜。而中国所谓的“文化遗产保护”,其实也是一种政治游戏。我曾参与过的金山农民画与上海石库门的民俗调 查,发觉到了最后,功利考量胜过一切。至于所谓的“国学热”,在政府那里成了形式主义(祭黄帝、穿古装,鬼点子层出不穷),在投机取巧的人手里成为文化产 业的建构,而在有心的学者那里,成果则往往无法“深入民心”,因而便无可厚非地成为“象牙塔”中的研究。
于 是,我也终于明白,寄希望于“中华大同”,其实是一种文化理想(甚至是幻想)主义。因为,自从解放之后,特别是文革与改革开放接踵的洗礼,中国已并非我们 幻想中的“神州大地”。如本校某教授曾戏谑到,在中国,真正的传统文化,若不是“在书里”(文献),就是“在地底”(文物)。话虽极端了些,但对我们是一 大启示:我们自身华族文化的式微,也许是伴随传统在其发源处的逐渐“真空”;而这对新加坡而言,将是一个不容回避的挑战,因为我们的文化后盾,本身已经千 疮百孔。
“中西会通”与“双文化”的问题
其实,中国传统文化的现状,在很大程度上可以溯源到“五四新文化运动”。从对传统一味的盲目批判,到有研究的、具选择性的批评认识,二十世纪初的文人们对 待传统的态度,以及研究的方法与视角,实际上依然影响着当下的中国学术界。我常跟朋友们说,自己在中国留学最大的收获,莫过于“知识分子般的批判精神”与 “中西会通的视角”。其实,前者也可归入后者,因为现代中国知识分子的态度,很大程度上是传统儒家与西方启蒙主义思想结合的产物。至于“中西会通”,我并 不打算下一个确切定义,因为各学科领域都会有自身界定。我更多想谈谈自己的经历与体会。
在复旦学习,即使是念中文系,却必修西方文学作品选读、西方文艺理论、比较文学等课程;而哲学方面,我既接触儒家、道家、佛学经典,亦精读过亚历士多德、 卢梭、海德格尔等人的名著。姑且不论自己的学习成效如何,这里要提出的是,留学中国绝对不是只接触中国文化经典。有人或许要质疑,许多西方大学不也有汉学 的课程?关键就在此:我总觉得,当中国人学西方人的时候,总是抱以一种极度谦卑而虚心的态度;而西方人解读东方时,则更多带有一种自身传统观念的影子。这 固然有助于填补中国学术的空白,但很多的误读,便是出于一种阴魂不散的“西方中心主义”。而中国方面,对于初学者而言,许多的解读是尽可能放在西方语境下 理解的,因此更加纯粹;但中国学术也因此往往出现一种现象,即对自己总缺乏信心。解读他者文化固然如此,就连对自身文化的理解,有时也必须诉诸西方理论或 观念的避风港。这种“自卑”,在很大程度上也可以说是“五四新青年”对旧文化的批评,特别以鲁迅为代表。所谓的“民族劣根性”,很容易导致我这种外来者在 接触中国文化与中国人时,处处只见“阿Q”。甚至,有时发觉自己也有鲁迅小说人物身上的“劣根性”,会莫名地恐惧起来,怪祖先遗传给我的坏因子。
事实上,任何文化从来就不是全盘地善或全盘地恶。中国历史上可以出现很多奇怪的现象与畸形的社会形态,但其基于的哲学主张也许并不坏。就如我曾经犯了一个 大错误,把中国封建制度下的群体观念,错误解读为“中华文化从不把人当人看”。这种误读,原于对西方个人主义同样错误而不全面的判断,以为个体就高于一 切,“我思故我在”。在儒家思想由政治观念“单薄”化为一种纯粹的伦理观念,而逐渐失去其效力时,中国人就会往西方基督教那与一切世人建立关系的上帝。然 而,西方人对东方人强烈的家庭观念,有时也是抱有憧憬的。于是,即使是全球化时代,在文化的领域,还有许许多多道墙是需要突破的。
以此为基点,我们把视线拉回新加坡,就不难发现,其实类似的情况同样存在。近年来,我国领导人对中国与华语的重视越加明显。但问题是,人家表面上会对我这 种在中国学中文的人表示“佩服”,但社会整体上其实对华文并不重视。我们依然有着这样的印象:英文报比华文报更加“开放”,因为它无需坚守一个华族道德立 场。有些学生依然有种华文老师不“cool”的刻板印象。同样是社会批判,以英语进行讽刺的谐星总比以华语进行讽刺显得更具幽默感。如此种种,无需再赘。 基本上,我们就会看到,英语总显得更有价值,而华文那种道德立场似乎有了点“道学气”,批判则成为了一种“不合时宜”的表现。甚至,各自以华文及以英文为 “第一语言”的人群中,有时也会在同样的问题上,自说自话,根本不构成沟通。半年多前,李光耀资政一句“无论孩子在学习华文的过程中有多么困难,即使无法 考得优异的成绩,家长都不应该放弃让孩子学习华文的念头”,导致中英报章上沸沸扬扬的讨论。但是,英文报的主要议题是“取消华文考试”,中文报的则是“如 何继续推广华语”。当时,没有人出来对两份报章在议题上的隔膜提出看法,但若以小见大,双语在新加坡社会是否已经“通”了,值得置疑。
“通”这一个字,很关键。除了蕴含着对两种语言的理解,实际上还包括两种语言所表述的观点与观念的互通。有《联合早报》资深评论员关于“灵魂语言”的观 点,也有此书标题“母语为本,英语为用”的提法,但说到底,新加坡其实在很大程度上并不给予任何语言所承载的文化观念足够的重视,于是就无从谈体用之别。
进 一步说,我们当下对于“文化”这个词本身的界定,也是模糊不清的。就如“双文化”课程,听起来像是广义上的中西文化研究与对比,但从政策确立的基础上,其 重心始终在当代中国。于是,当我翻阅第一届“双文化”课程的论文集时,便发现学生大多在一种中、新当代现代社会的现象对比上做文章,而且用的方法大多为极 为科学化的定量方法。并不是说这不好,而是有些时候,真正核心的东西,现象背后深层的原因,往往是需要感性认识,无法确切去衡量的。学子们还年轻,能够把 握现象,本身就是相当可嘉的。但是,他们也必须明白,很多时候,现象并不代表什么,特别是在中国。许多文化现象的构成因素,深埋在文、史、哲之中。而且, 我国政治基于某种需要而提倡儒家,但中国思想体系从来就不是单一的。可惜的是,新加坡人,特别年轻一代,似乎没有强烈的“溯源欲”或明确的历史观,对古代 的东西也不太敢兴趣。这种心态,值得正视。
因 此,最重要的是,“双文化”精英除为了去与中国接触之外,还应该始终把视线拉回自身。“知彼”之外,还需“知己”。当下,纯粹意义上的中、西比较,不论对 我们认识中国或是认识我们自身特殊的文化身份,都是不可或缺的。而如果这对个人来说太累,也许,设立平台让熟悉不同观念体系的人士交流切磋,是比较省力而 有效的方法。其实,这也并不简单,因为要将复杂的文化观念以容易理解的方式表述出来,也是考功夫的。不过,中国与西方世界固然如此,我国社会内部的文化冲 突与分裂更不能继续放纵。也只有排除掉一种中、西文化圈的画地为牢及其中始终潜在的“心结”,英文才不至于因“用”而肤浅,华文才不至于因“体”而太沉 重。
语言教学与情感触动
由于自己是奖学金得主,我其实从此次华文教改一开始便以实习生的身份参与到了小学课程编写队伍中。比起那些没日没夜地赶进度的同事们,自己的贡献确实不值 一提。然而,这却让我不断地对华文教育未来的走向、语文教学的前途等问题有所思考。对此,我曾在《联合早报》上发表过几篇文章。其中,《华文教育的 “酷”》一篇,有再谈的余地。
该文章的基本观点是:对于那些不和我们的生存直接发生关系的东西,我们都有选择的余地。而不论对待流行、对待时髦,或是对待一种语言、一种文学,最根本的 必须是,客体有一种打动我们情感的力量。 对这个盲点有所认识,是在自己被“韩流”影响后,有一天在思考 “软势力” 何以能够让我们陷入一种半痴迷的遐想时,得出的结论。各地孔子学院如果有所不足,也便是还未充分消化吸收这一点。
我 们不得不承认,当下越来越多孩子对自身母语的态度,与其他科目一样,都认为是“外来”、“后天习得”的。我们没有办法,因为新一代的父母,毕竟已不如成长 于传统的老一辈。于是,要填补父母留下的“身教”的空白,一个办法便是抓住孩子的心,让语文教学中带有感性的成分。换句话,语言教学必须从以往的“对你 说”(talk to you)转变为“与你说” (talk with you)。教改提倡“兴趣”,归根结底便是这种心态的转型。
其 实,我总有一个感觉,认为我们的中学乃至高中华文教育,有着一大片等待开发的空旷园地。这个阶段的孩子,在心态上很微妙:他们既可以开始进行思想交流,却 又不完全成熟;他们愿意接受新事物,同时也因容易被印象牵引而排斥事物;他们向往精神世界的畅游,又不能完全被放任。还有一点,几乎是年龄跨度很广的普遍 现象,就是我们知道自己无知,但却很难拥有一种热忱去深入挖掘,特别是与具体生活需求没关系的问题,而归咎于没时间。
于是,下来的问题,便是怎么做。这当然有赖于教师们自行的探索,但一个很关键的方面,便是在选材上。在中国久了,就慢慢发觉,中华文化的许多好东西都在古 文当中,而新加坡教师们或者不知古人之趣味追求,或者明白但不晓得如何以现代汉语的方式去进行表述。现当代作家固然不乏适合中学生的作品,但背景与语用方 式却是我们孩子不熟悉的。于是,我们确实有必要,广泛吸纳台湾、香港、甚至日本、韩国等与中国有着某种渊源的文化资源。吸纳这些地方的材料,一是在其年轻 流行文化的风靡上,乘胜追击,促进汉语阅读;二是透过这些作品背后的身份探索,激发学生透过语言对自己的身份的探索。这当然有一个翻译与出版的问题,但并 非不能克服。至于新加坡文学,亦不乏佳作,但有时对学生而言是阳春白雪,有时则有一种怪异心理在作祟,觉得离家太近的东西没吸引力。其实,家往往才是我们 最不熟悉的精神源泉。关键在于如何揭示这些盲点并激发学生的好奇心。
配 合着选材,还有引导方法的问题。长期以来,语文课堂的文化教育,很多时候都是对文化标志(cultural symbols)的描述,以及为了写作文而累积“文化资料”。知识当然重要,但也许华语课堂需要进一步注入的元素,在于对普遍人性的探索。也就是说,教师 们或许应该尝试把哲理性的反思带入课堂,而且同时从中探索不同民族对同一问题的各种态度与处理方法。母语也好,英语也好,这种广度与深度都是必要的。最理 想的状态,就是英语与母语课同步地围绕一个有含量的课题开展讨论。那么,学生既学语言,同时也学文化比较;而教师在合作的过程中,也可一反画地为牢的常 态,为前文提到的“突破中、英隔膜与分裂”开一个头。
结语:究竟算什么?
留学中国,四年下来,看到的现象林林总总,思考的问题层出不穷。毕业之际,回顾几万字的日记,才猛然发觉,有意无意之间,在华人身份、中华文化、华语教学 等问题上费了不少笔墨。此文便是挑了这三个范畴中比较少有人谈及的观察与想法,特别是因为留学中国而关注到的问题或所得到的启发,综合而成。
那 么,有人也许会问,华人、华文、华语,究竟算什么?我写“华人”身份在当今中国的尴尬处境,写“华文”依旧在新加坡处于一种有点次等、不被人完全理解的情 况,写“华语”在心理上给人的乏味感,是切实的个人感受。但是,我既不愿意将问题无限量放大,成为悲观者,亦不希望回避现实,做一个乐观主义者。我一直相 信,历史是由人创造的。而此刻的我,依旧热爱华语、华文与华人身份。不同与以往的是,我已经逐步探索出“中文有什么好?学了有什么用?”的答案,并打算通 过自己的教学实践,让孩子从亲身体验中,也能够寻获他们自身对此问题的回答。
再思“寓教于乐”
上周五,儿童协会属下的裕廊青年中心,在树群中学举办了一场名为YouthGig的音乐会。三十名表演者都是介于13至17岁的在籍学
生,来自不同学校,却因对音乐有着共同的热忱而聚在了一起。青年们轮番上阵,通过钢琴、吉他、打击乐、舞蹈和歌声,展现各自的才艺,释放出青春的无限能
量。音乐,似乎有种神奇的力量,让舞台上的同学们,隐去平日的羞怯腼腆,以自信、淡定的姿态,站在国会议员、 师长、家人和同学面前。
更难能可贵的是,同学们的各项表演,都恰如其分地与音乐会的主题“爱护生命,远离吸烟”挂钩。几个月前,当我听青年中心的社工说,学生必须通过表演反映如 此严肃的课题时,心中难免有些担忧,不知这是否会对青年们构成困难。事实证明,我的顾虑是多余的。学生们的创意,远远超出了我和其他志愿者的想象。
印象较深的一个表演,是由三首英文流行歌曲串联而成的组曲。按表演者的介绍,第一首歌《Payphone》,以钢琴的纯音伴奏配合自由式舞蹈,反映 一个吸烟者决心戒烟,拨打戒烟热线电话求助。之后,第二首歌《Titanium》,以钢琴配合演唱,通过歌词的涵义和歌声的跌宕起伏,刻画戒烟过程的痛苦 和艰辛。最后,表演者以钢琴、歌唱、舞蹈演绎第三首歌《Fireworks》,体现出成功戒烟后的欢愉气氛。
也许有读者会质疑,这是不是有些过于牵强。但在我看来,学生能有意识地把他们喜欢的歌曲,通过声、乐、舞的有机结合,叙述一个故事,体现出起承转合,其中 的创意并非所有人都能做到。而且,同样是宣导戒烟的正面信息,青年们所采取的方式,远比官方“遏阻式”的宣传或长辈人们“奉劝式”的唠叨,来得新颖、有 趣。
这使我不禁开始对“寓教于乐”进行重新的思考:当我们主张“寓教于乐”的时候,我们在多大程度上,能够真正调动青年们的主动性和积极性?对于“乐” 的理解,只是从我们成人的角度出发,去进行片面性的诠释,还是不断为青年们提供机会和平台,让他们去尝试不同的事物,找到心目中真正属于他们的“乐”?
而对重要课题或知识的“教”,又应该如何以学生的“乐”(兴趣)为基础进行引导,使其不是硬生生的“灌输”,而能做到顺水推舟?
沿着上述的问题,这里想分享近来听到的两个“寓教于乐”的案例。
第一个例子,是在国民服役期间,从一位后辈那儿听来的。这位友人,在本地念完中学后,到了澳洲墨尔本的一所高中修读A水准课程。留学期间,他受学校的运动 风气影响,爱上了嘻哈舞(Hip Hop),甚至成了嘻哈舞社的会长。但真正让他惊喜的是,舞社并非只是一个练舞的地方。训练基本技巧之余,他的老师和教练还为社团成员上课,介绍嘻哈兴起 和传播的历史背景。此外,他们也一同进行实地考查,理解墨尔本乃至整个澳洲的街头文化。友人说,留学的经验让他理解到,嘻哈是一种活生生的“文化”,但很 多新加坡的舞者,只关注舞蹈动作的技巧性,却不理解整个舞蹈的起源,以及不同招式在创造时所承载的情感基础。
第二个例子,听自一位在我国西部某特选中学执教的友人。该校近来注重学生品格和领导能力的培养,于是在上个月的假期,让十位学生领袖,自行组织到日本的背 包旅行。一周的行程,全由学生自行决定,学校方面只负责接洽机票和旅馆的安排。但前提是,学生必须考察日本群众的公德心与公民意识。随团的教师,只负责学 生的安全,其他方面听由学生的安排。我浏览了友人提供的学生部落格,欣然地发觉,同学们对公共设施、交通系统、住宿环境等方面进行了细腻的观察,对所遇到 的人如何待人接物也记录得十分详细。甚至,他们还到一个大型购物商场,模仿韩国综艺节目Running Man进行了一场男女追逐游戏,借机观察店主和顾客对于他们的行为有何反应,并逐步形成他们对公民意识的价值参照系。
我想,以上的两个例子,对本地的教育是有启示作用的。澳洲的例子促使我们反思:所谓的“课外活动”,难道就该纯粹只是为了品格发展吗?正如嘻哈舞能够融合历史和社会学一样,我们的课外活动,是否也能够与不同学科的知识,进行更有机的衔接与联系?
而本地学生到日本当背包客的例子,则如同本文开头提到的音乐会一样,昭示着我们:当成年人学会更加去尊重青年人的自发性和创造性时,有时,我们能够“教”给孩子的经验和内容,远比我们原先预设的,还要多、还要深刻。
更难能可贵的是,同学们的各项表演,都恰如其分地与音乐会的主题“爱护生命,远离吸烟”挂钩。几个月前,当我听青年中心的社工说,学生必须通过表演反映如 此严肃的课题时,心中难免有些担忧,不知这是否会对青年们构成困难。事实证明,我的顾虑是多余的。学生们的创意,远远超出了我和其他志愿者的想象。
印象较深的一个表演,是由三首英文流行歌曲串联而成的组曲。按表演者的介绍,第一首歌《Payphone》,以钢琴的纯音伴奏配合自由式舞蹈,反映 一个吸烟者决心戒烟,拨打戒烟热线电话求助。之后,第二首歌《Titanium》,以钢琴配合演唱,通过歌词的涵义和歌声的跌宕起伏,刻画戒烟过程的痛苦 和艰辛。最后,表演者以钢琴、歌唱、舞蹈演绎第三首歌《Fireworks》,体现出成功戒烟后的欢愉气氛。
也许有读者会质疑,这是不是有些过于牵强。但在我看来,学生能有意识地把他们喜欢的歌曲,通过声、乐、舞的有机结合,叙述一个故事,体现出起承转合,其中 的创意并非所有人都能做到。而且,同样是宣导戒烟的正面信息,青年们所采取的方式,远比官方“遏阻式”的宣传或长辈人们“奉劝式”的唠叨,来得新颖、有 趣。
这使我不禁开始对“寓教于乐”进行重新的思考:当我们主张“寓教于乐”的时候,我们在多大程度上,能够真正调动青年们的主动性和积极性?对于“乐” 的理解,只是从我们成人的角度出发,去进行片面性的诠释,还是不断为青年们提供机会和平台,让他们去尝试不同的事物,找到心目中真正属于他们的“乐”?
而对重要课题或知识的“教”,又应该如何以学生的“乐”(兴趣)为基础进行引导,使其不是硬生生的“灌输”,而能做到顺水推舟?
沿着上述的问题,这里想分享近来听到的两个“寓教于乐”的案例。
第一个例子,是在国民服役期间,从一位后辈那儿听来的。这位友人,在本地念完中学后,到了澳洲墨尔本的一所高中修读A水准课程。留学期间,他受学校的运动 风气影响,爱上了嘻哈舞(Hip Hop),甚至成了嘻哈舞社的会长。但真正让他惊喜的是,舞社并非只是一个练舞的地方。训练基本技巧之余,他的老师和教练还为社团成员上课,介绍嘻哈兴起 和传播的历史背景。此外,他们也一同进行实地考查,理解墨尔本乃至整个澳洲的街头文化。友人说,留学的经验让他理解到,嘻哈是一种活生生的“文化”,但很 多新加坡的舞者,只关注舞蹈动作的技巧性,却不理解整个舞蹈的起源,以及不同招式在创造时所承载的情感基础。
第二个例子,听自一位在我国西部某特选中学执教的友人。该校近来注重学生品格和领导能力的培养,于是在上个月的假期,让十位学生领袖,自行组织到日本的背 包旅行。一周的行程,全由学生自行决定,学校方面只负责接洽机票和旅馆的安排。但前提是,学生必须考察日本群众的公德心与公民意识。随团的教师,只负责学 生的安全,其他方面听由学生的安排。我浏览了友人提供的学生部落格,欣然地发觉,同学们对公共设施、交通系统、住宿环境等方面进行了细腻的观察,对所遇到 的人如何待人接物也记录得十分详细。甚至,他们还到一个大型购物商场,模仿韩国综艺节目Running Man进行了一场男女追逐游戏,借机观察店主和顾客对于他们的行为有何反应,并逐步形成他们对公民意识的价值参照系。
我想,以上的两个例子,对本地的教育是有启示作用的。澳洲的例子促使我们反思:所谓的“课外活动”,难道就该纯粹只是为了品格发展吗?正如嘻哈舞能够融合历史和社会学一样,我们的课外活动,是否也能够与不同学科的知识,进行更有机的衔接与联系?
而本地学生到日本当背包客的例子,则如同本文开头提到的音乐会一样,昭示着我们:当成年人学会更加去尊重青年人的自发性和创造性时,有时,我们能够“教”给孩子的经验和内容,远比我们原先预设的,还要多、还要深刻。
Saturday, January 12, 2013
华语语系与文化履迹
上个星期天,我出席了哈佛大学教授王德威在报业中心礼堂的演讲:《华语语系的人文视野与新加坡经验:十个关键词》。在演讲中,王教授解 释道,世界其他的语系,是殖民地时代,被殖民地区以宗主国的强势语言所进行的文化表征。而相反的,“华语语系”却是各代华人在大陆之外的地区,自觉地传承 中华文化认知的行为。正如在曾是英属海峡殖民地的新加坡,出现了华族子民以华语作为文化传承的标记。王教授接着以十个关键词,阐释了华语语系视野下的新加 坡经验。他从文学、艺术、文教和文化理念的领域,挑选了具代表的人事物,勾勒出新加坡华人社会这近两个世纪以来的人文面貌。
说者无心,听者有意。聆听着王教授娓娓道来,我不禁回想起过去十年,留学上海、香港,之后回到新加坡从事华文教育的经历。这一路的旅程,是一个新加坡华族后裔对自我身份认同的寻觅,也改变了我对“文化身份”的看法。
这里,从三个方面,略谈个人的文化履迹,分享我从王教授“华语语系”演讲中获得的启示。
首先,我想“华语语系”最重要的,是思想的传播和深化。这方面,王教授演讲中的例子,最具代表的要属在星洲推广儒学的林文庆。对新加坡华族子弟来说,在社会、家族、教育等场域中,都必然或多或少收到儒家思想潜移默化的熏陶。
出生于上世纪八十年代的我,在一个信奉民间信仰、长辈教育水平不高的传统华人家庭长大,在九十年代求学期间又接受了“儒家价值观”为基调的国家教育。因此,长大一些,自然想更了解中国传统的思想,弄清自己的文化价值观究竟为何物。
选择留学中国,便是纯粹为了想更了解自己。那些年,我明白了儒家的教化如何贯穿中国历史,明白了道家思想和道教之间的区别和关系,明白了佛家思想对 古代士人和现代文人的积极影响。于是,我很庆幸自己生长在一个儒释道融合的民间环境,也更加清楚地看到,儒释道思想的融合如何慢慢构成我的人生价值坐标。
不过,我后来愈加清楚地意识到,文化身份不只是思想。那当中还有时间长河中所发生的诸多事情,还有在这长河中沉浮的各色人物。新加坡华人,特别是年轻人,若要找到文化的归属感,就难免需要回归、理解本地华族社群的发展史。
这就提到了演讲给我的第二个启示:历史的视野。十个关键词,引出了十来个关键人物,仿佛给我这无知的后生晚辈上了一课“新加坡华社简史”。不论是以 英政府公民的视角书写《新华百年史》的宋旺相,整理了新马华文文学史的方修,或是带着忧患意识看待国家发展的“孤岛遗民”希尼尔,对于我来说都是耳熟的名 字,但很惭愧的,我却对他们的书写和文化产出,一知半解。
其实,演讲那天,我坐在一大群年长者之中,从他们的谈话中能听出他们是旧南大毕业生。看着他们提醒彼此,谁是谁的学长,谁哪一年毕业,又听到三位叔 叔在身后讨论他们小学时写繁体字、中学时写简体字的经验,我很想更深入地了解他们的故事。因为,他们的少年时代,对于我是遥远而陌生的。
但是,为何离我们最近的历史,反而是我们最不熟悉的?一代接着一代的不熟悉,伴随一代代人的逝去,历史的书写该如何延续,历史的断层又该如何弥补?我想,这是我们年轻一代需要深思的问题。
演讲来到了第七个关键词“多语剧场”。这时,郭宝崑的名字出现在屏幕上,接着是郭老曾说过的一段话:“文化无论是二元或多元,越往深处着想,你其实越会发现,它们之间是相通的。而且层次越深,关系就越紧密。这就是多元文化之美。”
这几年来,我一直在思考,身为一个新加坡华人,我是否太注重对“华人”的思考,而缺少了对新加坡本土的“在地性”想象?经时间沉淀,我发觉,在一个 多元文化的社会中,国家层面能提供的,是一个让不同族群、不同利益群体获得伸缩性的共同空间。但是,要填补和深化身份、价值、文化的实质,有赖于个人和群 体对当下和未来的集体想象。
只有这样,我们才有望从“容忍”过渡到“理解”,深化对其他族群、文化的交集和认识。
也许有人会问,思想的深化、历史的视野、在地性想象,在连华文都说不好的年幼一代华人身上,该如何发挥效益?再过二、三十年,本地是否还有所谓的“华语语系”文化现象?
曾经,我也因此而感到莫名的惆怅。但现在,身边许多朋友开始重拾华语,对他们的“华族性”展现出兴趣,也许正昭示着,前方并非一片黑暗。以后,即使年轻人需以英文为媒介,去理解自己的文化身份、甚至谱写自己的文化经验,最起码,他们对自己的“华族性”,不是麻木不仁的。
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